Comparison and Contrast between Sexes for Dominance Essay -- Managemen

Examination and Contrast Between Our Sexes: Why Do We Recognize Men as the Dominant Sex In Our Species? It has consistently been, inside the course of mankind's history, that lone men were treated with deference and acknowledgment, while ladies remained at home and dealt with the family unit. At the point when individuals characterize the accompanying professions, for example, police officer, fire fighter, director, postal carrier, and so on., we accept that those individuals are male since we were instructed to feel along these lines since adolescence. Despite the fact that they are encountering issues with a language that unpretentiously belittles them, the present ladies have considerably more force than their antecedents. In light of the models expressed over, the English language has set up a chauvinist establishment that has made a misogynist society that will be unsalvageable for people in the future. Due to the chauvinist idea of the English language, the definition they produce for the two people makes a limited suspicion of the jobs they need to play. For instance in the article Can a Woman be President? by Kristen Hall, she expresses that: A lady can be a president. They carry out a responsibility similarly tantamount to men since they are similarly as savvy as men. For example there is a senator in New Jersey and she works superbly. Ladies are presently consider being equivalent to men, and ought to have indistinguishable open doors from men. Ladies adhere to rules, and help out the legislature. Ladies can use sound judgment, and viable discourses. A great many people say, 'Well shouldn't something be said about children?' Think about it. Men are liable for their children as much as ladies seem to be. A lady won't run for a president in the event that she has multi year olds and necessities to remain with them. She'll run when she gets more seasoned in light of the fact that her children will be more established. (Lobby) In the wake of breaking down Kristen's reaction I can... ... Arrange Schools. 1997. http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwing/EER-Winter.htm Christy Desmet, Kathy Houff Speak, and Deborah Church Miller, eds. Contention. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Candid, Francine and Frank Ashen. Of Girls and Chicks. Morgan, Elaine. The Man-Made Myth. Lobby, Kristen. Can a lady be President? Education (1997). 17 Nov. 2004 http://www2.lhric.org/pocantico/lebenson/president.htm Ross, Kelley. Against the Theory of Sexist Language. Feminism (1998) 18 Nov. 2004 http://www.friesian.com/language.htm Mifflin, Houghton. Misogynist Language and Assumptions. Gender (1996) 18 Nov. 2004 http://www.bartleby.com/64/5.html

Qwerty free essay sample

Ripper was one of the most well known and prestigious executioner ever. In spite of the fact that, he was not the principal sequential executioner, he was the first to do as such in such a colossally populated zone london. In spite of the fact that the quantity of casualties is informal, the number is believed to associate with 5, all prostitues inside whitechapel territory in east london, killed in 1888. The genuine personality of Jack the ripper is obscure becasue he was never gotten. The principle casualties names were: Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddows and Mary Jane Kelly. Jacks casualties were cut, ruined, normally gutted and frequently missing organs. There are various reasons why Ripper was never gotten. Right off the bat, the topography of london had an influence in his departure. London resembled a labyrinth. at that point, whitechapel was severely sorted out, with numerous treets and dull rear entryways, which was the ideal spot yo murder somebody. Around evening time, the main wellspring of light in obscurity back streets would be small lights, which would glimmer. We will compose a custom paper test on Qwerty or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The air would likewise be dusty, and regardless of whether somebody saw ripper, they most likely would just observe a sad remnant of him. it is likewise thought the ripper was a nearby individual since he generally gets away from minutes before a police showed up at the scene and he was never gotten, which implied he may have known whitechapel quite well. Absence of innovation was another primary explanation. In victorian occasions, they had incredibly constrained scientific science they had no DNA, fingerprinting, blood composing and so on. The discovery of homicide by and large included observers accounted and blind luckiness. As it were, except if he was caught in the act at the scene, there was no real way to associate him with the person in question. It Jack the riper was ner now, in current london and did likewise, we could be certain that he wouldVe been trapped in half a month, or even days. Without criminological science, it was probably not going to get Jack the ripper.

Airline Case Study Example

Airline Case Study Example Airline Case Study â€" Case Study Example > Monopoly markets45Sales and Marketing47Provision of services in relation to sales and marketing47Capacity47Increasing the frequency of the already existing Routes48Ryanair Organizational Structure4849Personnel49Pilots at Ryanair55Ryanair Strategy58Sustainability/Financials63Aer Lingus Bid64Exit strategy64SWOT Analysis66Conclusion69List of References70 IntroductionRyanair was the first budget airline in Europe that was modeled after southwest carrier of the US. It is said that O’leary, Ryanair’s CEO, made a pilgrimage together with several other airline business executives to Dallas in the 1990’s to meet southwest’s founder Herb Kelleher. The Ryanair case is one of great interest as far as strategic management is concerned and it has a lot to do with the economic, organizational and human context of strategy. It is a case that best illustrates a strategy based on best allocation of resources assets and competencies, adding value to customers and delivery of considerable str ategic gain. The Ryanair case also shades light on the difficulties and obstacles that may come in the way of attaining and upholding such gain against a backdrop of the European airline industry. It is a case that brings together important elements in modern thinking on strategy and outlines issues of managing cost, prices and the expectations of customers. Ryanair’s story has been outstanding in Europe’s entrepreneurial sector for many years now. Besides, Ryanair has also developed an opinionated way of communication that makes use of advertising and media in making public its transformation of the air industry. Ryanair has grown to become one of the world’s most successful airlines even though it’s based in Europe alone. It is ranked Number 11 in the world in terms of profits and number 2 in terms of operation. CEO Michael O’leary holds a net worth of 636 million pounds, which is a good reward. Ryanair is considered a success because unlike other airlines, it managed to bring flying within the people’s reach. Ryanair was begun by Tony Ryan, a former executive of Aer Lingus who amassed his wealth through brokerage of aircrafts in 1985. It started with a one 15 seat aircraft plying between Waterford Dublin and London and a year later acquired a license to fly from Dublin to London though not without opposition at first from Aer Lingus which held monopoly of the route and which led to bitter competitive rivalry between the two airlines for many years. The years that followed were not without challenges from fierce competition from already established airlines in the form of price cuts that leaned on the savage side to the emergence of discount airlines other than itself, not to mention oil prices increases, the gulf war, September 11 aftermath and other socio-economic issues. Despite all these, the airline grew and by 2007, its network of routes covered most of Europe making it the largest international airline in terms of passengers. This case study will analyze Ryanair in its entirety in terms of the routes on which it operates, its aircraft schedules, its products and services, aircraft selection, flight operations and regulations its competitors, sales and marketing strategy and personnel. It will also include a SWOT and financial analysis and exit strategy. The paper will analyze Ryanair’s past present and future.

Essay about Alternative Cancer Treatment - 1011 Words

Alternative Cancer Treatment Today, many psychologists feel that psychological therapy can give cancer patients’ a longer life. The first to take this stance was Psychiatrist David Spiegel M.D., of Stanford University School of Medicine, in a 1989 study Spiegel gathered patients once a week to discuss there feelings about the cancer and here they received support from other cancer sufferers. â€Å"When Spiegel followed up a decade later, he discovered that patients who had participated in the sessions had survived an average of 18 months longer than those in the control group† (Clay,2000). It is felt that if you can tap into a patients mind and help them deal with the cancer by dealing in the mental aspect of it that it will be†¦show more content†¦Little’s doctor who has performed these studies is Alastair J. Cunningham Ph. D. a senior scientist at the Ontario Cancer Institute. The studies were that Cunningham, had experts predict patients life span’s and then he implemented his therapy. He found out that people who worked hard at change psychologically lived three times longer than predicted. Only two patients died on schedule, presumably the least active. â€Å"It makes sense to me that the people who live longer are those who make substantial psychological changes, says Cunningham† (Clay,2000). Despite these studies there is still relatively little information on psychological treatment of cancer. However, many people see this as a breakthrough in helping to deal with a big medical problem like cancer. Many psychologists feel that psychological treatment is also a good way to teach patients how to endure their physical treatments. Many of these treatments present physical problems, but the treatments are almost more taxing on the mind. â€Å"Research clearly shows that unrelieved pain can slow recovery, create burdens for patients and their families and increase costs to the health care system.† (Rabasca, 1999). In overcoming anything whether it is a task for work, school or anything that can be physically and mentally draining like cancer, it is important to keep a strong mind and a positive outlook no matter how rough it is. Most patients of cancer are so farShow MoreRelatedAlternative Treatment Of Cancer Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesAlternative treatment of cancer Cancer is an abnormality in the body that results from uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. These unchecked growth results from the body’s’ control mechanisms’ inability to function normally. As a result of this abnormality, the old cells of the body do not die yet they are supposed to die. Therefore, the cells grow out uncontrollably forming a mass of tissue called tumor (Dollinger, 72). However, it’s not all forms of cancer that form tumors in theRead MoreCancer Is The Largest Revenue Generator Of American Traditional Medicine1180 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer is now the largest revenue generator in American Traditional medicine. â€Å" (Garcia M.D.) Alternative medicines are more effective than chemotherapy and radiation with far better side effects. Not only has chemotherapy been proven non-effective on many cancers, and it also comes with deadly side effects. Chemotherapy has been found to be nearly as effective as spontaneous remission. According to the Scientific American Journal, studies as early as 1985 have proven chemotherapy to be only 3%Read MoreBenefits Of Alternative Medicines For Cancer Patients960 Words   |  4 Pages210 new cancer cases diagnosed according to the American Cancer Society. That is roughly 1 in every 190 Americans who do not have cancer already. In 2014 the American Cancer Society estimated that Americans spent $88.7 billion dollars on cancer treatments. If there are so many cancer patients and so much money spent then why are patients not getting the best treatment for their cancer? In 2014 I was very close with a family who contributed to that estimated $88.7 billion and for treatments that didRead MoreUse of Alternative or Holistic Therapies in Cancer Patients Essay582 Words   |  3 Pagesout t here are actually using alternative therapies for cancer. According to Yates (1993), â€Å"A number of studies have attempted to measure the extent of use of alternative cancer therapies. These studies have reported that anywhere from 10 percent (Daw et al 1977) to over 50 percent (Casselith et al 1984) of people with cancer use alternative therapies† (p. 202). In Yates’ study, he cited that he used the categories of Miller and Howard-Ruben (1983) for dividing alternative therapies into four main groupsRead MoreThe Relation Between Cancer And The Immune System Inasmuch Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesis the relation between cancer and the immune system inasmuch as immunotherapy is concerned? The importance of the immune system in fighting cancer has been known for decades and even some of the more advanced techniques in immunotherapy date back to the 1970s. In this article we explore how the immune system and its components can bolster the body s fight against cancer o r to augment radiation and/or chemotherapy. We will also explain both conventional and alternative medicine views of immunotherapyRead MoreAlternative Forms Of Medicine For Breast Cancer Rates775 Words   |  4 PagesContext Breast cancer rates are continuously on the rise, and improvements in diagnostic technology have made it possible for patients to undergo treatment as early as possible in attempt for a higher survival rate. However, conventional treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy leave patients weak, fatigued, and often depressed. Alternative forms of medicine are being sought out to provide a better experience for these breast cancer patients. This systematic review examines the effects of twoRead MoreCancer Outcome Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesHow has Cancer Treatment Been Evolving? According to a prediction by the American Cancer Society, in 2017 it is estimated there will be 1,688,780 new cancer cases diagnosed and around 600,920 of those cases will end in death (â€Å"Cancer Facts and Figures 2017†). Imagine if we could cut that number in half, or even find a cure to help these people and their loved ones. With all the research that is being done, this may be possible one day; however, for now we must go through with treatments hospitalsRead MoreAlternative Medicine and Mainstream Medicine Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pages I feel like alternative medication is disgusting, because you do not know how clean or sanitary the tools, or treatments are. Alternative medicine is any treatment that is not part of the traditional medical system,like someone would learn in nursing school, or paramedic training. Complementary are those used alongside conventional medicine. Recent research has disproved the usefulness of many of these therapies. (USA Today) Alternative medicine is a different way to cure a disease, or anotherRead MoreAlternativeal Medicine : The Pros And Cons Of Alternative Medicine1347 Words   |  6 Pagesand tell you they know what is wrong and they have the treatment that is going to work for you. But instead they come in the room to tell you that they have done everything they can do and unfortunately there is no cure or treatment and there isn’t much more that can be done. Our society is dependent on the use of conventional medicine and does not realize the other possibilities for medical treatment, including alternative medicine. Alternative medicine is the traditional medicine that was used inRead MoreBreas t Cancer Is Not Just A Single Disease? Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is not just a single disease. It may come in different types. One particular type and the most common is the invasive ductal carcinoma or the infiltrating ductal carcinoma. This is cancer that invades the surrounding breast tissues as it breaks through walls of the milk duct. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is another type of cancer. This is non-invasive, meaning it does not spread to the surrounding breast tissues. Another type is the triple negative breast cancer. This happens when

Theories Of Self Efficacy And Self Esteem Essay - 1981 Words

Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one s belief in one s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges (Bandura, Albert 1995). Self-Efficacy and Self-esteem are a lot alike in regards to an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed at a task. Self-esteem plays a big role in determining how an individual performs in the classroom. Individuals with high self-esteem do better in school as opposed to their peers with low self-esteem who do not perform as well. Individuals with high self-esteem have a high locus of control and utilize healthy coping strategies. In contrast, individuals with low self-esteem have a low locus of control depend on unhealthy coping strategies, such as self-handicapping. Students with an internal locus of control obtain higher test scores and credit their academic success to internal factors as oppose to thos e with an external locus of control who more often blame or credit the concept of luck or fate. Students with an external locus of control believe that no matter how much they study, if they are meant to pass a test they will. Self-handicapping refers to a performance-debilitating characteristic, which has been consistently associated with negative outcomes which in student populations such as academic under achievement and poor psychological adjustment. Research suggests that locus of control isShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Social Psychology1551 Words   |  7 Pages but more importantly, how external contributors manifest into self- construct systems for motivation of cognition, behavior, and learning. 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The possession of strong self-efficacy beliefs has been related to positive outcomes in academic achievement, career choice and also to reduceRead MoreBandura s Social Cognitive Theory1202 Words   |  5 PagesBandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Video Notes Triadic Reciprocal Causation Describe what triadic reciprocal causation is. Albert Bandura, introduced triadic reciprocal causation as a term referring to mutual influences between three sets of factors: personal, the environment, and behavior. This can be a cognitive factor for memory, anticipation, and planning. How is triadic reciprocal causation of social cognitive theory different than earlier behavioral learning theories? Triadic reciprocalRead MoreThe Injuries Of The Wounded Worrier Program1489 Words   |  6 PagesMinding our bodies: Physical Activities for Mental Health, evaluated different programs that promote physical fitness for their patients dealing with mental health. The evaluation concluded, the activities help improve their overall mental health, self-esteem, and dealing with stress. The programs that were evaluated consisted on the Canadian Mental Health Heath Association and the Du-B-Fit, the purpose of their study was to promote healthier life style incorporating physical fitness. The evaluationRead MoreSelf Esteem1583 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Esteem is a personal judgment of ones worth and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction with ones own self. By this definition Self-Esteem is how each individual person views them selves as a person both mentality and physically. According to William James, the American psychologist, self esteem involves only one mental perception of the own quali ties and their physical. Self esteem plays an important role of who people are and starts at a very young age. There are both positives and negativeRead MoreEssay on Unit 7 Ps3301380 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment? Put simply, developmental theories of personality follow quite closely the same developmental timetable as cognitive development. The Oral stage of Freud occurs during the Sensor motor period of Piaget; the anal stage, Pre-conceptual stage; the phallic stage, Concrete Operational Stage; the Latency period of Freud also occurs during the Concrete Operational stage; the Genital stage, Formal Operations. Erickson’s stages ad other stage theories follow a similar path. The ages of theseRead MoreImpression Management607 Words   |  3 PagesSelf-efficacy– One’s belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der Bijl amp; Shortridge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. Task-related self-efficacy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling amp; Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axt ell amp; Parker, 2003, p. 114). A person Self-efficacy beliefsRead MoreThe Triadic Reciprocal Causation Of Social Cognitive Theory1749 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe what triadic reciprocal causation is. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory explains psychological functioning in terms of triadic reciprocal causation. Triadic reciprocal causation is a system assuming human action as a result of an interaction with the environment, behavior, and a person. Bandura explains person as being a cognitive factor such as memory, anticipation, and planning. It is because of these cognitive capacities that some people can select or restructure their environmentRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood years have been emphasized in different theories that highlight children’s motivation to learn. Theoretical interpretation of motivation emphasize the roles of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation during early years. Theories were based on behavioral and cognitive views. Behavioral theories explained the motivation and learning the concept in terms of behavior, for example, the reinforcement theory, social learning theory and other related theories that emphasized the human behavioral scienceRead MoreTrait Theory And Social Cognitive Theories1190 Words   |  5 Pages Both Trait theory and Social Cognitive Theories are currently and have been very influential in describing personalities in people over the years. They have both similar and opposite qualities as well and seem to work off of each other at times in my opinion. Although many theories are still helpful in some ways, I feel like these two are more beneficial due to them bringing a more positive approach to describing personalities and giving the person more control over their own behavioral change rather

The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk Free Essays

string(70) " all African female parents contain DDT residues in their breastmilk\." The effects of assorted DDT residue degrees found in babies via chest milk sing their overall wellness hazard and safety, for malarial bar in developing states. Malaria is known to be a dangerous disease transmitted to people via bites of septic mosquitoes, and besides really common in insanitary environments. For malarial bar, a relentless insect powder called DDT was used worldwide as a inexpensive and effectual agencies of vector control ( Walter et. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Al, 2005 ) . An acceptable sum of DDT is by and large non toxic to worlds, but it was banned in 2001, chiefly for ecological grounds ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . Some researches have shown that exposure of DDT at needful sums for malarial control, can do pre-term birth and early ablactation in in order to cut down infant mortality from malaria ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . As Indoor Residual Spraying ( IRS ) of insect powders tends to be the lone feasible option to eliminate malaria in certain states, an exposure to occupants and babies which is of higher hazard, is difficult to forestall ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) .This exposure of DDT to babies was through chest milk which in some instances found exceeds the acceptable consumption degrees, thereby potentially consequences to infant mortality ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . With appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , safety and hazards of these chemicals was taken into history for tolerable and acceptable steps ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . Assorted surveies have shown that the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degrees of consumption induces inauspicious effects on babies, which have been convincingly proven to be a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ; Bouwamn et al. , 2009 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . It is during the chest eating period that any baby may be exposed to the highest lifetime concentration of insect powders, hence pregnant and/or female parents, babies and yearlings are largely prone to wellness hazard in developing states with high malarial infection rates ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) .This paper will concentrate on DDT residue degrees found in human breastmilk from malaria infected countries such as South Africa and Brazil, and placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand. The end was to analyze the exposure and consumption of DDT residue degrees by babies in chest milk associated with hormone and neurological effects Methods Participants Harmonizing to the research survey done by Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) , a sum of 152 female parents successfully donated at clinics situated in Ubombo and Ngwavuma territories of the Northern parts of the Kwazulu-Natal Province of South Africa. However, merely around 10 female parents from Mkuze did non take part. None of them had any inadvertent exposure to pesticides, except for working on farm lands or through malarial control. Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) mentioned that the cognition known by these female parents sing pesticide usage and safety was limited. There were no important differences ( P lt ; 0.05 ) for maternal age, between para I and multiparae ages in the three towns ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . Besides, there were no important differences between the ages of the babies of these female parents, and degrees of milk fat between any of the groups ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . In another survey made by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) at Medeira River basin in Brazil, they have collected a sum of 69 different breastmilk samples. These samples were collected through broad oral cavity flasks and stored in deep-freeze for farther analysis. Similar nutrient diets were taken by these female parents, chiefly based on cassava flour, some fruits, and majorly fish ingestion ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ) . Notably, Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that fish ingestion was a chief beginning of DDT to worlds, due to taint and exposure of DDT on fishes. In add-on, they assessed that there were no pesticide usage in Amazonian agribusiness, and no female parent was prior exposed to DDT. Last, from the survey tested by Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) on Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane degrees through placental transportation from female parent to infant in Chiang Dao ( Thailand ) , a sum of 88 pregnant adult females who had normal bringing and full term gestation were taken as the studied topics. Hence, sum of 88 cord and maternal serum samples were examined utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . Materials and Procedure All surveies followed similar process in sample aggregation, analysis and statistical comparings. The aggregation of milk samples were put manually into glass beakers ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However, Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) collected 10 milliliter of maternal blood extracted by venipuncture about 2 to 5 hours prior to being sent to bringing room, and 12 milliliter of cord blood taken after bringing. The milk samples were so put under stop deading procedure and stored until analysis. After deicing the milk samples, analysis measure was assessed. Here, deproteinised was done by utilizing 30 mL propanone and extracted with n-hexane in African samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However in Brazil samples, homogenisation was done by hot bath at 37Â °C anterior to analysis, and deproteinization procedure occurred utilizing 10 mL propanone and extraction with 10 milliliters n-hexane ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ) . On all three surveies, DDT residues found were analyzed utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . DDT compounds were categorized in 5 constituents such asP, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) ethene ) ,P, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,P, P-DDD ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,O, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( p-chlorophynyl ) ethene ) , andO, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( pchlorophynyl ) C2H6 ) ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ; Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . Quality control method specifically method-detection bounds was so completed for analyses on chromatograms and standard divergence between group samples to detect any significances. Finally statistical comparings were laid out between sample groups to find any significance on degrees of DDT found in breastmilk and mother-infant blood samples. Consequences Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) yielded consequences from samples that indicate all African female parents contain DDT residues in their breastmilk. You read "The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk" in category "Essay examples" Specifically, the metabolite nowadays in all these DDT compound found in the breastmilk samples wasP, P-DDE. All female parents had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDT, except for 2 from para I group signifier Mkuze, but non all of them had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDD. The degrees of O, P-DDT, DDE, and DDD were lower than the P, P degrees, which was expected. Overall, the entire DDT per centum obtained was highest in Jozini multiparae ( 42.65 % ) compared to Mkuze para I which had low Numberss due to really few participants accounted at that place. Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) found that all samples contained DDT taint, as evident from the figure below. The DDT metabolites ranged from 25.4 to 9361.9 nanograms of entire DDT/g lipoid, with a median of 369.6 nanograms of entire DDT/g of lipid and 8.7 of estimated day-to-day consumption ( EDI ) of entire DDT exceeded the acceptable day-to-day consumption by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The highest value of DDT observed was 9361.9 nanogram, taken from a primapara female parent of 27 old ages of age. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.001.jpg"Note. This is where the writers show that all samples collected in Madeira River ( Brazil ) contain DDT, runing from 25.4-9361.9 nanogram of entire DDT/g lipoid. Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) has besides shown that all cord and maternal blood samples extracted contain DDT compounds. This can be shown from the tabular array 1 below, majorly bespeaking thatP, P-DDE compound were found in all cord and maternal samples andP, P-DDT in about every cord and all maternal samples. Overall, there were highest degrees ofP, P-DDE, followed by 2nd and 3rd highest degrees detected wereP, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. In footings of correlativity coefficients analyses between DDT compounds in cord and maternal blood samples shown at table 2 below, important differences were observed. The ratios calculated ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT were less than 1, thereby meaning high correlativity coefficients. Whereas, the ratio for O, P-DDE was higher than 1, meaning low correlativity coefficients, and in conclusion the ratio forO, P-DDT was gt ; 0.05 P rendering it non-significant for analysis. Therefore, acocording to Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) , the analysis of correlativity coefficients between DDT compounds in cord and maternal samples showed the ability of DDT chemicals to be transmitted from female parents to foetuss via placenta with respects to metabolic rate alteration, blood flow and lipid content of mother-infant. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.002.png"/ Note 1.The writers show concentrate on marked % DDT detected on DDT compounds highest to lowest such asP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. Note 2.For the ratios ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT lower than 1 show high correlativity coefficients, whileO, P-DDT compound show opposite consequences andO, P-DDE as non-significant. Review/Discussion All research surveies mentioned above yielded the presence of DDT compound found in the samples. Despite the forbiddance of DDT usage in agricultural activities and malarial control plan, DDT win an ability to prevail in environments for long periods of clip, the exposure and taint of the chemical is inevitable, and notably can be transmitted through nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . DDT degrees found in breastmilk from Brazilian female parents, indicated that the chemical was transmitted from their fish diet, as suggested by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) . Consumption of fish is considered a good beginning of DDT and other pesticides. The presence of DDT in the fishes in Brazilian Amazon can be accounted due to malarial vector control used in those countries. Babies are high hazard to malarial transmittal, and there are factors that have to be considered to minimise the inauspicious effects on their wellness. The chief factor would be the usage of malaria control at chemical degrees transcending acceptable sums. As evident in the tabular array below, utilizing the appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degree consumptions found in chest milk samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Therefore these transcending degrees of DDT will bring on inauspicious effects on babies, convincingly proven a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Walter et al. , 2005 ) . Toxicological grounds shows endocrine upsets on unsafe high sums of DDT exposure, this can be shown in the drumhead chart below. Malaria remains to be a hard job to eliminate with no side effects. Although Indoor residuary crop-dusting ( IRS ) could be effectual, the method is improbable to raise the full malaria mortality in babies and kids. DDT spraying induces addition in pre-term births, early-weaning and besides chiefly affects the female parents as bearers to convey DDT to their foetus, babies via nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . The effects such as lessening in musculus, neurological defects, delayed pubescence, behavioral defects and generative defects possibly contributed as wellness menaces to babies when exposed to high degrees of DDT via breastmilk ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.003.jpg"/ Note.The writers by and large show that entire DDT collected from breastmilk samples exceeds the acceptable consumption bound. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1395279.004.jpg"/ Note.This is a sum-up of the hurtful wellness hazards contributed by DDT compounds, with relation to babies. Conclusion/ Future positions It is safe to reason that babies under malarial control conditions are however exposed to chemical combinations particularly DDT, that would hold inauspicious effects if the consumptions were high plenty, likely to be above acceptable consumptions suggested by WHO. DDT is non precisely unsafe if the usage of it follows proper wellness policies that is much below the maximal consumption, yet can still continue the bound to command malaria. Breastfeeding is a good illustration of DDT residue scrutiny from female parent to infant, to demo that transmittal is really critical and usage of DDT should be maintained at a certain bound that will decrease wellness hazards of dwellers. However, a possible note to be considered in future surveies will be the opposition to DDT chemical of septic mosquitoes, and how they can come upon happening better methods alternatively of increasing the DDT sum sprayed. An improved practical attack and effectual usage of chemicals to forestall deceases and inf ant wellness hazard should be farther implemented. The add-on of infant wellness and exposure of DDT through breastmilk to WHOPES safety consideration, IRS chemicals safety and guidelines and possible hazard decrease methods should be farther studied and improved if possible ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Plants Cited Azerado, A. , Torres, J. P. , De Freitas Fonseca, M. , Britto, J. , Bastos, W. , Silva, C. E. , . . . Malm, O. ( 2008 ) . DDT and its metabolites in chest milk from Madeira River basin in the Amazon, Brazil.Chemosphere, 73, S246-S251. Bouwman, H. , A ; Kylin, H. ( 2009 ) .Malaria Control Insecticide Residues in Breast Milk: The Need to See Infant Health Risks.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from ProQuest: hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/espm/docview/222658845/fulltext/698CF9ABCB774376PQ/1? accountid=14771 Bouwman, H. , Sereda, B. , A ; Meinhardt, H. M. ( 2006 ) .Coincident presence of DDT and pyrethroid residues in human chest milk from a malaria endemic country in South Africa.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from University of Toronto Libraries: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals2.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/02697491/v144i0003/902_spodapmeaisa.xml Rogan, W. J. , A ; Chen, A. ( 2005 ) . Health hazards and benefits of Bi ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -1,1,1-trichloroethane ( DDT ) .Environmental Sciences amd Pollution Management, 366, 763-770. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com Sapbamrer, R. , Prapamontol, T. , Prakobvitayakit, O. , Vaneesorn, Y. , Manklabruks, A. , A ; Hock, B. ( 2008 ) . Placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand.Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 484-489. 1 How to cite The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk, Essay examples

Case Study Of One-Peter Mitchell Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of One-Peter Mitchell. Answer: Case Study One-Peter Mitchell Chronic health conditions are multifactorial in nature and the care process by nurse must involve the clinical and patient needs. The treatment outcomes are affected by multiple factors and the nurse must be aware of different factors affecting the patients health (Helgeson Zajdel, 2017). The essay deals with the case study of Peter Mitchell are a 52 year old male with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the essay is to prioritize the patient needs for care integrating the different aspects of patient needs. Prioritization refers to use of clinical reasoning and decision making skills to design care process that can avoid adverse outcomes (Urden, Stacy Lough, 2015). In reference to the chronic condition presented in the case study, the essay will identify and discuss two priorities of care while applying the clinical reasoning cycle by Levett-Jones. It is a non-linear process to analyse the series of contributing and predisposing factors. It helps develop goal driven pat ient care (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The clinical reasoning cycle involves eight stages, where the first stage is consideration of patients situation (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). In the given case study Peter, 52 year old male is admitted to the medical ward with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes. The patient is presented with the poorly controlled diabetes, obesity ventilation syndrome and sleep apnoea. The second stage of the clinical reasoning cycle is collection of cues and information. In this stage the patients current information is reviewed using case history, previous assessment and new information is collected through further assessment (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The patient history shows obesity and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea and depression. The patient also has history of gastro oeasophageal disease reflux and smoking (for 30 years). The patient was previously on high protein diet to reduce weight. Peter had difficulty coping with the weight loss. He was instructed for light e xercises by his physiotherapist. As per the patient social history, he lost his job due to insulin therapy. His weight gain, obesity and diabetes interfered with his occupations and that added to his fatigue and other health issues. Overweight is also interfering with his activities of daily living, and may have increased risk of apnoea. It added to socially isolation. He lives alone and lacks emotional support, which may also be the cause of stress and poor health. However, the patient is motivated to quit smoking and lose weight with appropriate supervision. The patients assessment results showed BP 180/92mmHg, height 170cms, Weight 145kgs, HR 102 Bpm, Sp02 95% on RA, RR 23 Bpm. The handover informs different medications for abnormal vital signs and diabetes. The untreated condition may increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and other comorbidities (Koolhaas et al., 2017). An important part of clinical reasoning cycle refers to processing of information. It involves interpreting the information, relating with the clinical knowledge to prioritize care (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). It will better help to prioritize the care. The weight and height of the patient indicates a BMI of 50.2, which much greater than the normal range of 30, indicating obesity (Mark Somers, 2016). Obesity is associated with ventilation syndrome and sleep apnoea. It may be the cause of upper airway obstruction that is causing the episodes of shallow breathing, when sleeping. Smoking also results in airway obstruction and apnoea (Krishnan et al., 2014). The patent may be immediately provided with oxygen. It may increase the risk of further health deterioration. Hypertension may be due to high blood pressure and increased heart rate. If untreated it may worsen diabetes as the patient is obese, which also influences blood pressure (Heymsfield Wadden, 2017). Increase in respira tory rate, blood pressure, high glucose level may increase the risk of heart failure or collapsibility of pharyngeal tract. Excess adipose tissue restricts the movement of diaphragm and that of chest muscles (Mark Somers, 2016). Altogether it may affect the inhalation, exhalation as well as heart rate. It is essential to reduce weight of the patient as fatty tissue in excess amount may increase vascular resistance. Diabetes also increases blood pressure and hypertension by predisposing arteries to arthrosclerosis. It may increase the risk of kidney failure, stroke and other health issues (Cheung Li, 2012). Social isolation and smoking may further increase the risk of anxiety and depression (Choi DiNitto, 2014). The main problem or health issue of the patient can be identified by synthesizing facts and inferences (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The main health issue of the patient, from the above analysis, is clearly obesity and diabetes as they are linked with all the other presenting sign and symptoms. The adverse symptoms such as hypertension, high blood glucose level, diaphoresis, or abnormal seating are common in obesity and uncontrolled diabetes. Obesity increases insulin production for compensating high glucose level. It increases the type 2 diabetes and sequentially appetite, weight gain. Diabetes is also associated with shakiness and diaphoresis. Unusual sweating or diaphoresis is common symptom in overweight and obese individual. Hypertension is also observed in both obesity and diabetes people but the later has greater influence on the hypertension (Heymsfield Wadden, 2017). Therefore, the signs and symptoms are common in both diseases like a cyclical pathway. Intervention is immediately required to decrease obesity and control diabetes. It will consequently improve his activities of daily living and social life. Applying clinical reasoning cycle, establishment of goals that will yield desired health outcomes in the patient is important part of care process (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The two priorities fornursing care is reduction in weight and control the blood glucose level. I will do this by developing comprehensivenursing care plan that is patient centered and evidenced based. Taking action based on evidence will ensure positive health outcomes as per clinical reasoning cycle (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). To fulfill the first priority of reducing the weight of Peter, a realistic weight reduction plan will be formulated, along with appetite reduction and diet plan. It will be initiated on collaboration with dietician. Peter will be given a weekly weight loss protocol. The diet plan will include high protein and low fat consumption. The patient will be monitored for ignoring the signals of hunger or track any distortion. The rational for this lifestyle intervention is decrease in hypertension and cholesterol with protein intake. A weight loss by ten kg may have positive impact on the cholesterol and blood pressure as per Nanditha et al., (2016). Further physical activity is essential for overweight individual. It will help reduce weight every month and enhance the metabolic rate. The patient may be recommended for aerobics as it puts lest pressure on jo ints. Swimming is also considered better than jogging and walking. Involving in physical activity for 30 minutes for five days in a week will help the body mange sugar level by improving sensitivity to insulin (Koolhaas et al., 2017). The patient will be supported with education to encourage him to lose weight. Peter will be educated about healthy diet and need of high protein consumption in present condition. To patient may be administered with the anti-obesity medication. Orlistat is another affective medicine for BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 in decreasing the absorption of dietary fat by 30%. It will help reduce weight and associated complications. It may include glycosidase inhibitors, metaformin or insulin therapy (Bedhiafi et al., 2018). The pharmacological interventions will be initiated by collaborating with the general physician attending Peter. To control the glucose level, which is the secondnursing priority metaformin may be continued as it was previously administered. Further blood pressure can be controlled by administering metaprolol (Yang et al., 2018). Medication will be administered as per the instructed dosage. Patient education is also important to self monitor glucose and for self-management of complications due to obesity and diabetes. The patient will be educated to cope up with the mental health concerns associated with weight loss program. The patient may be encouraged to stop smoking as it elevates blood sugar in diabetes patients. Referring to cognitive behavioural therapist may be effective to help Peter manage stress due to lifestyle interventions specially Smoking cessation. Further, the effect of smoking on his respiratory efficiency and Heart rate will be explained. It will relive him of fatigue (Lycett et al., 2015). The rationale for educational intervention is to encourage client in adopting healthy behaviour. The effectiveness of the outcomes must be evaluated as per the knowledge of clinical reasoning cycle (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The patients weight will be monitored daily. It is important to assess his understanding of the illness and treatment procedure to ensure compliance. The patients vital signs will be assessd to rule of any side effects of medications and modified diet. The patient will be monitored for deviations in exercise, nutrition and diet recommendations. The client is expected to demonstrate reducing weight as per plan and healthy eating. The patient is expected to self monitor glucose and show high self esteem in coping with complications. It is also important to assess for hyperglycemia condition (American Diabetes Association, 2015). Reflection on the care process is the last stage of the clinical reasoning cycle that involves contemplating on the caring and learning process (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). It may be difficult for client to adhere to dietary recommendations in initial phase of treatment as he lacks emotional support. The patient also has low self esteem due to poor body image. To address the challenges I will engage client in motivational therapy and group discussions to promote social connectedness (Harvey, 2015). Further, challenges will be identified to prioritize future action. The essay helped learn ways to identify patient health issue and prioritize care for Peter using clinical reasoning cycle. Identification of health issues assisted in prioritizing care. The tool helped in collecting and analyzing the clinical information. Analysis facilitated the understanding of factors underlying the Peters healths complications. Prioritizing the care guided the development of adequate nursing interventions. The interventions to reduce weight and control glucose level in patient are based on evidence. It will help to address the priority issues and promote the patient health. References American Diabetes Association. (2015). 3. Initial evaluation and diabetes management planning.Diabetes Care,38(Supplement 1), S17-S19. Cheung, B. M., Li, C. (2012). Diabetes and hypertension: is there a common metabolic pathway?.Current atherosclerosis reports,14(2), 160-166. Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M. (2014). Role of new diagnosis, social isolation, and depression in older adults smoking cessation.The Gerontologist,55(5), 793-801. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Harvey, J. N. (2015). Psychosocial interventions for the diabetic patient.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy,8, 29. Helgeson, V. S., Zajdel, M. (2017). Adjusting to chronic health conditions.Annual review of psychology,68, 545-571. Heymsfield, S. B., Wadden, T. A. (2017). Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity.New England Journal of Medicine,376(3), 254-266. Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Schoufour, J. D., Ikram, M. A., Kavousi, M., Franco, O. H. (2017). Impact of physical activity on the association of overweight and obesity with cardiovascular disease: The Rotterdam Study.European journal of preventive cardiology,24(9), 934-941. Krishnan, V., Dixon-Williams, S., Thornton, J. D. (2014). Where there is smoke there is sleep apnea: exploring the relationship between smoking and sleep apnea.Chest,146(6), 1673-1680. Lycett, D., Nichols, L., Ryan, R., Farley, A., Roalfe, A., Mohammed, M. A., ... Aveyard, P. (2015). The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a THIN database cohort study.The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology,3(6), 423-430. Mark, A. L., Somers, V. K. (2016). Obesity, hypoxemia, and hypertension: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Hypertension,68(1), 24-26. Nanditha, A., Snehalatha, C., Ram, J., Selvam, S., Vijaya, L., Shetty, S. A., ... Ramachandran, A. (2016). Impact of lifestyle intervention in primary prevention of Type 2 diabetes did not differ by baseline age and BMI among Asian?Indian people with impaired glucose tolerance.Diabetic Medicine,33(12), 1700-1704. Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., Lough, M. E. (2015).Priorities in critical care nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Yang, T., Hao, Y., Zhou, S., Jiang, Y., Xu, X., Qu, B., ... Liu, W. (2018). GW26-e0732 Superior Dynamic Heart Rate Control and Non-Inferior Blood Pressure Control with Bisoprolol vs Metoprolol Sustained Release Tablet in Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension: CREATIVE Study.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,66(16 Supplement), C202.

Should The Developed North Increase Aid To The Less Developed South E

Should The Developed North Increase Aid To The Less Developed South? Should The Developed North Increase Aid to the Less Developed South? The question at hand is not whether aid from the developed north should be given at all, but whether or not it should be increased to help ease the suffering of the developing countries in the south. Every country, whether rich or poor, should have compassion for the suffering. However, it is not the duty of the developed north to completely take care of every developing country. In the present, there are serious problems that need to be addressed dealing with how aid is given out: misuse of funds by governments, the corruption it creates, economies it destroys, lack of votes it buys at the United Nations, and finally the question of who has priority. Therefore, until these issues are dealt with in the near future, aid should be kept to a minimum. ? Response to Readings in Taking Sides James P. Grant, in his article favoring the increase of foreign aid to the developing south, notes that poverty in this world is a large problem that has continued to rise for years. It wasn?t until the 1960?s that the mobilization of medical help, better sanitation, clean water, money spent on education, and other measures began to save lives and make the quality of living better for millions. However, he also states that even though aid is being provided, it is still not enough, and leaders like the United States and the European community should take the initiative to donate and assist more each year just like the Japanese have done. The only problem with this statement is that both the European community and the United States are pressed for money. The European countries, especially leaders like Great Britain and Germany, have devoted much of their aid budgets towards helping other countries within their system grow stronger before the European system goes completely into full fo rce. Whereas the United States? budget deficit forces many government agencies, including the Agency for International Development(AID), to lose funding. Furthermore there is no reason to send billions of dollars over seas when northern countries like the United States and Great Britain currently face the highest levels of child poverty that either country has seen in over 25 years. In addition to poverty, other domestic problems such as rape, robberies, and murders in this country still exist. Until domestic issues are solved, any future increase in foreign aid should also be kept to a minimum. The purpose of a nation is to look after its own citizens to insure that they are free from harm, stay healthy, receive public utilities, and become educated. If protecting a nations? people require its country, for example, to send aid to an African country to help prevent the spread of HIV, then foreign aid is acceptable. However, if there is no immediate threat to US security, then aid and foreign involvement should be kept to a minimum. In other words, aid should only be offered when a clear gain for that country can be achieved. There are not enough resources to save the destitute and sick of the world out of compassion alone. Special interest groups such as Peace Corps, private donations, and volunteers serve the purpose of helping others. It is all right for a country to help provide these groups with the necessary resources required to carry out their missions safely; however, it is not the duty of a country to take care of all nations alone. As advocates of the no side, the editors of The Economist firmly believe that the north should not increase aid to the developing south on account of past misuse, unfair distribution of aid among countries, and lack of results. Furthermore, foreign aid does more than just ease the suffering of the impoverished. Health care expenditures account for only 2% of the entire aid budget as a study by the World Bank in 1988 showed. The rest of the 98% goes toward the financing of military campaigns to restore peace and help set up and keep new and existing democracies running, saving the environment, supporting economic development, and lastly to control population

Consumer Decision

Consumer Decision Abstract The present report utilized secondary research and positivist research philosophy to critically evaluate two Consumer Decision-making Process (CDP) models – the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior –, with the aim to bring into the limelight the dark spots of the models when applied to the hospitality industry.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Decision-Making Models in Hospitality Contexts: An Evaluation Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current literature, though anecdotal in scope and context, has illuminated the fact that many CDP models are vague, inconsistent, and assume an all-encompassing orientation, which constricts their effectiveness and efficacy in explaining post-modernism consumer behavior. Many of these models have been accused of being largely descriptive in nature and ascribing to a ‘phases-based’ school of thought that is no t in sync with today’s consumers and their behavior orientations. Upon analysis and critique of the sampled models, it has been demonstrated that these models may no longer be tenable in explaining behavior as they view consumers in a rather mechanistic approach and constrict behavior to rationalistic approaches, devoid of any interpretation relating to the consumer as a unique individual who desires to sample unique experiences in the hospitality industry. The models are vague in their explanation of why consumers must follow the noted phases, and fail to account for external factors that influence consumer behavior in the hospitality industry, such as globalization, hyperreality, and hedonistic consumption patterns. It is recommended that new paradigms must have the capacity to delineate how consumers find fulfillment through consumption, and how they develop creativity and express their individual capabilities through the consumption of services. Introduction The present p aper is an attempt to account for perceived vagueness, inconsistencies and all-encompassing orientations of consumer decision-making models by evaluating and critiquing two such models, namely the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). These models will be evaluated and analyzed within the services context, with particular reference to the hospitality industry.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the broad attention focused on the concept of consumer behavior (Dellaert et al 2012), and in spite of the obvious advantage generated by consumer decision-making models in providing conceptual frames of reference that make it easy to understand different consumer decision processes and marketing paradigms (Erasmus et al 2001), a large portion of these models continue to attract criticism from various quarters due to their perceived vaguenes s, broad generalizations, and an all-encompassing orientation (Lye et al 2005). Consequently, the ability for marketers to predict and understand consumer behavior and decision-making is still at a less than desirable level due to the inconsistencies and variances noted in these models. Consumer Behavior in Hospitality Industry Belch (1998) cited in Schiffman (2000) defines consumer behavior â€Å"†¦as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs† (p. 2). Modern research on consumer behavior no longer derives interest in viewing the consumer as a rational economic being; rather, marketing studies have introduced a range of factors and variables that act either independently or dependently to influence the consumer consumption patterns beyond the mere self-interested act of purchasing as proposed by rational economic theories (Lovelock Wirtz 2010; Bray n.d.). To this effect, the hospitality industry must focus on the ‘process nature’ of the service production process (Lovelock Wirtz 2010), the unique characteristics of services on offer (Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012), and the impact of these contextual variables on customer behavior (Pachauri 2002). Extant services literature (e.g., Williams 2006; Miljkovic Effertz 2010; Oh 1999) demonstrates that marketers in the hospitality industry are still faced with the problem of adopting or developing new paradigms for evaluating customer behavior and decision making, primarily because most of the players in this sector have an imperfect picture of their customer, while only a few have put in place the capacity and capability to monitor patterns of consumer behavior at a degree of detail essential to maintain a competitive edge. As noted by Bowie Buttle (2004), many hospitality organizations believe that there are adequately close to their clients due to the co-creation of the serv ice experience.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Decision-Making Models in Hospitality Contexts: An Evaluation Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it becomes increasingly important for hospitality organizations to understand the major facets of consumer behavior and decision-making because consumption of services is basically typified as â€Å"process consumption†, where the production process is considered to form a fundamental component of service consumption and is not merely perceived as the outcome of a production process, as is the case in the traditional paradigms associated with the marketing of physical goods (Miljkovic Effertz 2010; Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012 ). Postmodern Consumerism within the Hospitality Industry Today, more than ever, the hospitality industry is increasingly encountering an era that is not guided by any dominant ideological orientation in consumption pat terns, but by pluralism of styles (Williams 2002). This is postmodern consumerism – a trend that is increasingly being reflected in a multiplicity of variables that drive consumer behavior, including advertising and promotions, product and service development, as well as branding (Firal et al 1995). Available literature demonstrates that postmodern consumerism in the hospitality industry is predominantly initiated by shifts in the social-cultural, psychological and technological domains, which generate new options for experiences and self-expression in consumption (Williams 2002). This section purposes to briefly describe some the factors that are associated with the new means of consumption, hence new approaches to consumer behavior Hedonism The increasing awareness of hedonic consumption among contemporary consumers has not only enhanced pleasure seeking behavior as the only intrinsic good but also luxury consumption to fulfill the variant needs of individuals (Williams 200 2). In the hospitality context, the postmodern consumer is embracing the richness of choice, traditions, and styles to sample products and services that will enable them to achieve the intrinsic good.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a direct consequence, however, it is increasingly becoming difficult for industry players to predict behavior since consumers are guided by the unconventional urge to experiment on new products and experiences (Firal et al 1995; Thomas 1997). Fragmentation of Markets Experiences The absence of a central ideology to guide postmodern consumption patterns gives rise to a multiplicity of norms, values, beliefs and lifestyles that are adhered to by individuals in the quest for unique products and services. To satisfy this rising demand for unique experiences, hospitality organizations are increasingly segmenting or fragmenting their product and service offerings (Firal et al 1995), making it increasingly difficult to objectively evaluate consumer behavior and decision making process. More importantly, the post-modernity orientation is on record for enhancing the production of smaller niche markets in fragmented dispositions, not only making it difficult to successfully evaluate behav ior using the current models but also eating into the profitability of hospitality organizations (Van Raaij 1993). Hyperreality of Products and Services The hospitality industry is abuzz with hyperreal experiences; that is, experiences that passed as real and authentic but they are, in context and scope, light and empty (Van Raaij 1993). Hyperrealism is largely driven by the insatiable appetite of consumers to enjoy disjointed experiences and moments of excitement, leading industry players to simulate some of the experiences and pass them as authentic and value-added events. For example, consumers visiting hospitality organizations such as the Disney World and popular theme hotels are made to believe in the physical surroundings, which are mere simulations in the image of hypes (Firal et al 1995). Globalization Globalization and convergence of technology have assisted to break down geographical barriers that fueled economic nationalism and chauvinism. Consumers are no longer consumi ng products and services based on their ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Van Raaij 1993), though some scholars still maintain consumption patterns are still predetermined by the consumer’s culture, and that globalization has no capacity to standardize consumer behavior (Firal et al 1995; Williams 2002). More importantly, the intangible nature of services within the hospitality industry necessitates comprehensive individualized marketing and customized services for the customer to experience the unique and superior value. In this context, it can be argued that the idea of global hospitality organizations to increasingly standardize and customize their products and service offerings is paradoxical in essence based on the fact that these organizations must deal with cultural variations that to a large extent influence consumer’s mind-sets and buying behaviors (Williams 2002). Brief Overview of Consumer Decision-Making Process Lye et al (2005) posit that consumer decision- making models are extensively employed in consumer behavior studies not only to structure theory and research but also to comprehend the contextual influences that come into play to influence consumer decision making. In a comparative assessment of the consumer decision-making process, Engel et al (1995) cited in Erasmus et al (2001) argue that â€Å"†¦a model is nothing more than a replica of the phenomena it is designed to present†¦It specifies the building blocks (variables) and the ways in which they are interrelated† (p. 83). Drawing upon this description, these authors argue that models should therefore have the capacity to provide conceptual frames of reference that assist individuals to grasp visually what transpires as variables and circumstances interrelate and shift. A number of academics, however, punch holes into the existing models of consumer decision-making process due to a multiplicity of weaknesses (Lovelock Wirtz 2012), which will be illuminated in subsequent sections of this paper, particularly in respect of their incongruent dynamics and operational deficiencies in the hospitality context. A strand of existing literature (e.g., Schiffman 2000; Lovelock Wirtz 2010) demonstrates that most paradigms of consumer decision-making presuppose that the consumer’s consumption decision process consists of precise phases through which the customer passes as they interact with the service. Indeed, a meta-analytic review of marketing literature (e.g., Bowie Buttle 2004; Lovelock Wirtz 2010; Pachauri 2002; Miljkovic Effertz 2010) confirms the most dominant phases a consumer passes through while making purchasing/consumption decisions to include: need identification; information search; appraisal of available alternatives; purchase/consumption decisions, and; post purchase decisions. Other researchers, however, argue that â€Å"†¦the process of consumer decision-making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking sta ges: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage† (Schiffman 2000, p. 14). But, as acknowledged by Abdallat El-Emam (n.d.), the overreliance of phases in attempting to explain consumer decision making leads to generalizations of consumer behavior as not every consumer may wish to pass through all these stages when making purchasing/consumption decisions. Aim Objectives of the Study Aim To critically analyze and critique the two chosen models of Consumer Decision-making Process, namely the Consumer Decision Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, with the view to determine the extent of their vagueness, inconsistency, and all-encompassing orientation when applied within the hospitality industry. Objectives The present paper is guided by the following objectives: To critically review extant literature on consumer behavior and decision-making process, particularly with reference to hospitality organizations; To identify, justify and critically analyze the two mod els of Consumer Decision-making Process selected for this study; To determine the extent or level of vagueness, inconsistency, and all-encompassing orientation of the two models as they relate to the hospitality industry; and To provide some alternatives and recommendations that could be used by industry players to better influence consumer behavior and decision making. Methodology Research Philosophy This report heavily relied on the positivist research philosophy and the deductive approach to critically analyze the selected models of Consumer Decision-making Process for vagueness, inconsistencies and typical all-encompassing orientations, with reference to contemporary hospitality industry. Positivism entails â€Å"†¦manipulation of reality with variations in only a single independent variable so as to identify regularities in, and to form relationships between, some of the constituent elements of the social world† (Research Methodology n.d., p. 3-1). Consequently, th e researcher evaluated facts from the more general to more specific using the deductive approach with the aim of drawing logical conclusions about the weaknesses of the discussed models from available literature (Burney 2008). Data Collection Relevant data and information for this study was collected through secondary research; that is, the researcher engaged in collecting information from third-party sources or information that had been previously collected for some other reason. Secondary research fits the demands and expectations of this study as it is not only easier and less costly to undertake, but it guides the researcher to effectively answer the research aim and objectives through the use of already existing materials (Thomas 1997). The research primarily utilized book resources, websites and peer-reviewed articles from a number of subscription databases, including Ebscohost and Emerald, to develop and analyze the relevant themes aimed at providing accurate responses to the research aim and objectives. Research Limitations The researcher was constrained by time and budgetary resources to undertake a comprehensive study that could have brought new insights into the important topic of consumer behavior and decision making process. It is widely believed that a broader engagement with secondary sources and, perhaps, undertaking primary research with hospitality stakeholders, could have resulted in a more comprehensive analysis of the models and more generalizable findings. However, this was not possible due to strict time-lines and budgetary constraints. Additionally the word limit for the study, which was capped at 4000 words, limited the researchers capacity to expansively detail some of the relevant concepts of consumer behavior and decision making, and compare the sampled models of consumer decision making process with other contemporary models to effectively assess the variations in vague conceptualizations and inconsistent content. Analysis Critiqu e Consumer Decision Model The Consumer Decision Model, also referred to as the Engel-Blackwell-Miniard Model, was initially developed in 1968 Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell, in their attempt to propose and explain the variables that come into play in informing consumer behavior and facilitating decision making (Erasmus et al 2001). As noted by Bray (n.d.), â€Å"†¦ the model is structured around a seven point decision process: need recognition followed by a search of information both internally and externally, the evaluation of alternatives, purchase, post purchase reflection and finally, divestment† (p. 15). This model further suggests that consumer decisions are influenced by two foremost aspects: â€Å"†¦firstly stimuli is received and processed by the consumer in conjunction with memories of previous experiences, and secondly, external variable in the form of either environmental influences or individual differences† (Bray n.d., p. 15-16). It is important t o note that the environmental factors acknowledged in the model include cultural orientation, social rank, personal influence, family, and situational context, while individual factors include consumer resource/capability, incentive and participation, level of knowledge, values and attitudes, as well as individual traits and lifestyle. In illuminating the model, it can be argued that entry to the model is through need identification, whereby the consumer actively acknowledges an inconsistency between their present state and some other pleasing choices. The framers of the model assume that the need recognition process is primarily stimulated â€Å"†¦by an interaction between processed stimuli inputs and environmental and individual variables† (Bray n.d., p. 17). After a specific consumption need has been acknowledged the consumer initializes the search for information, both internally through their deeply-held reminiscences of earlier experiences in hospitality organizati ons, and externally (Bowie Buttle 2004). The model presupposes that the intensity of information search is intrinsically reliant on the scope of problem solving, with novel or intricate consumption problems being subjected to far-reaching external information explorations, while simpler challenges may rely entirely on an unsophisticated internal exploration of prior behavior (Baig Khan 2010). Bray (n.d.) notes that information passes through five phases â€Å"†¦of processing before storage and use, namely: exposure, attention, comprehension, acceptance and retention† (p. 17). The model further posit that the consumer actively evaluates alternative consumption choices using the established set of beliefs, attitudes and consumption intentions (Erasmus et al 2001), with the evaluative process being primarily influenced by both environmental influences and individual influences (Bray n.d). Consequently, the model depicts ‘intention’ as the only precursor to co nsumption. While the environmental and individual variables are largely perceived to act on purchase/consumption behavior, Van Tonder (2003) cited in Bray (n.d.) notes that the term ‘situation’ is premeditated as an environmental variable though the factor is also not clearly defined. However, according to this scholar, the term may imply â€Å"†¦such factors as time pressure or financial limitations which could serve to inhibit the consumer from realizing their purchase intentions† (p. 17). The other phases entail the actual consumption of the service, followed by post-consumption assessment which grants feedback functionality to the consumer, especially in terms of undertaking future external explorations and belief/value formation (Bray n.d.; Erasmus et al 2002). When this model is critiqued under the lens of the hospitality industry, it draws its major strength in its potential to evolve ever since the original model was published some four decades ago, to at least encompass some of the variables and challenges facing the contemporary consumer in the hospitality industry (Bowie Buttle 2004). For instance, the model has been able to move away from its mechanistic approach of explaining consumer behavior to encompass modern concepts that influence consumer consumption patterns. Individual variables such as motivation and involvement, as well as environmental variables such as social class, family and situation (Bray n.d.), are better placed to explain how consumers interact with a particular food establishments, and even how such variables may influence return behavior and satisfaction. However, it is clear that many of these variables remain vague due limited theoretical background (Erasmus et al 2001), with a section of scholars arguing that the model is even unable to specify the exact cause and effect that relate to consumer behavior (Lovelock Wirtz 2010), while others note that it is too restrictive to sufficiently accommodate the variety of consumer decision situations in a hospitality environment characterized by shifting consumption patterns and ever increasing competitive pressures (Tsiotsou Wirtz 2012; Oh 1999). Foxal (1990) cited in Bray (n.d.) argues that the Consumer Decision Model avails a clear illustration of the consumption process, making it easy for marketers to internalize its dynamics to influence purchase behavior. The present paper challenges this perspective as consecutive research studies (e.g. Cave 2002; Kotler et al 1999; Bowie Buttle 2004) demonstrate that consumers, particularly in the hospitality industry, often engage in non-conscious behaviors that may not be modeled through a rational decision making paradigm. For example, the consumer may purchase a plate of food in an up market hotel, not because they engaged in pre-purchase evaluation of available alternatives to the hotel but due the fact that the servicescape of the facility blurred their conscious decision-making proce sses. Upon testing the Consumer Decision Model, Rau Samiee (1981) were of the opinion that the model is extraordinary in scope and range, but its factual vigor in explaining and justifying consumer behavior â€Å"†¦has been significantly obscured by the fact that most research efforts so far have only been directed toward specific segments of the model rather than at the model as a whole† (p. 300). In light of these assertions, it can only be argued that this model is not only inherently weak to be of much assistance to the service marketing practitioner but it lacks specificity and thus is difficult, if not impossible, to study and operationalize in hospitality settings. According to Bray (n.d.), the environmental and individual influences of Consumer Decision Model continue to draw â€Å"†¦criticism due to the vagueness of their definition and role within the decision process† (p.). For example, while the model clearly identifies and delineates environment al influences such as social class and family, it fails to explain the role of such influences in affecting behavior, giving room to vague generalizations. In the hospitality industry, it becomes even difficult to follow the direction of the influences as the model suggests since some variables are not diametrically ordered as is the case in the goods industry. Although the model suggests that the consumer has the capacity to decipher some experience attributes before purchasing a product (Erasmus et al 2002), it is increasingly difficult to validate such an assertion in the hospitality industry because most of the experience attributes cannot be evaluated before the actual consumption of the service (Lovelock Wirtz 2010). What’s more, experience attributes and individual motives for consumption in the hospitality industry relates more to issues of emotions and the role of heuristics in determining behavior. However, these issues are not adequately covered in the Consumer De cision Model as it only limits the role of individual motives to the process of need recognition (Erasmus et al 2002; Bray n.d.). Lastly, a widespread concern of the ‘analytic’ approaches such as the Consumer Decision Model regards the unobservable nature and scope of the many variables under consideration (Baig Khan 2010). Consequently, it may still be difficult to ascertain whether this particular model provides a precise representation of consumer behavior during consumption (Bowie Buttle 2004), and whether it has any predictive value in hospitality settings (Williams 2006). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The Theory of Planned Behavior (illustrated in Appendix 2) is an offshoot of the Prescriptive Cognitive Models that were first developed in the 1960s by researchers such as Fishbein and Bertram, who sought to primarily focus on beliefs and attitudes as principal determinants of consumer behavior and decision-making (Bowie Buttle 2004). The famous Fishbein model , for example, proposed that the consumer’s â€Å"†¦overall attitude toward an object is derived from his beliefs and feelings about various attributes of the object† (Bray n.d., p. 20). The TPB simply extends this perspective as it seeks to address the perceived overreliance on intentions (from rationalistic models) to predict consumer behavior (Rau Samiee 1981). From the illustration in Appendix 2, it is important to note that â€Å"†¦the construct perceived behavior control is formed by combining the perceived presence of factors that may facilitate or impede the performance of a behavior and the perceived power of each of these factors† (Bray n.d., p. 22). Actual behavioral control, which in normal cases is far challenging to accurately appraise, refers to the degree to which the individual has the expertise, assets, know-how, and other fundamentals required to exhibit a given behavior (Cave 2002). Perceived behavioral control, which functions as a substitute measure of the influence, is assessed and quantified through uniquely designed data collection instruments. The TPB also asserts that consumer behavioral intention is controlled by a forceful range of variables, including the consumer’s attitude and values, their prejudiced norms and beliefs, as well as their perceived behavioral control influences (Thompson et al 2009). As such, it can be argued that actual consumer behavior as explained by the TPB is derived largely from behavioral intention, but is controlled and mediated to some extent by perceived behavioral control mechanisms (Bowie Buttle 2004). The TPB, which has over the years evolved to become the dominant expectancy-value theory (Bray n.d.), has its own strengths and weaknesses when applied within the context of the hospitality industry. For example, it is a well known fact that many consumers form a perception of a particular restaurant or bar based on their beliefs and attitudes rather than intentio n. Consequently, it can be argued that this framework has the capacity to capture a substantial proportion of variance in the consumer’s decision to consume a particular service rather than over relying on the ‘intention attributes’ popularized by rationalistic models. Additionally, the theory not only avails predictive validity for its application in a varied range of hospitality scenarios as a direct consequence of its ability to convey subjective variables that influence the consumer’s consumption patterns (Cave 2002; Reid Bojanic 1988), but it is effective in providing prudential justification of the informational and motivational influences on consumer behavior. Lastly, on strengths, it can be argued that the TPB forms one of the easiest theories to understand and operationalize in hospitality settings. The TPB has been accused of projecting a vague orientation as it relies on the researcher’s ability to precisely recognize and enumerate all p rominent attributes that are considered by the consumer in forming their belief and attitude (Rau Samiee 1981; Neely et al 2010). Such an accurate identification and measurement of prominent consumer attributes is clearly impossible in the hospitality industry as the consumer is influenced by a multiplicity of both conscious and sub-conscious variables in considering what choice of food to order (Kotler et al 1999), or what choice of holiday experience to consider. Consequently, it can be argued that employing such a theory to evaluate consumer decision-making process in the hospitality industry borders on the optimistic. The TPB also relies on the presupposition that the consumer commences comprehensive cognitive processing before making a purchase (Dallaert et al 2012; Macinnis Folkes 2010). This presupposition does not hold much water in the hospitality industry as experience demonstrates that most consumers make spontaneous and emotional decisions in deciding where to go for l unch, or in deciding which hotel facility offers the best services. Consequently, â€Å"†¦the reliance on cognition appears to neglect any influence that could result from emotion, spontaneity, habit or as a result of cravings† (Bray n.d., p.24). It is indeed true that most consumers visiting hotels and restaurants for food and drinks for the behavior not necessarily from attitude evaluation as proposed in the theory, but from an overall affective response that is especially related to the facility, food or drink of choice. Conclusion Recommendations From this evaluation and critique, it is indeed clear that marketing professionals in hospitality organizations can no longer continue to employ insufficient marketing paradigms, such as the Consumer Decision Model and the theory of Planned Behavior, in their attempt to understand consumer behavior and decision making. Rather, they need to refocus their energies on evolving these theories and models to portray consumers as emotional beings, focused on achieving pleasurable experiences, creating identities, and developing a sense of belonging through consumption (Williams 2006). The new paradigms, it is widely believed, must also have the capacity to delineate how consumers find fulfillment through consumption, and how they develop creativity and express their individual capabilities through the consumption of services. Reference List Abdallat, M.M.A El-Emam, H.E n.d., Consumer behavior models in tourism. Web. Baig, E Khan, S 2010. ‘Emotional satisfaction and brand loyalty in hospitality industry’, International Bulletin of Business Administration, vol. 11 no. 7, pp. 62-66. Bowie, D Buttle, F 2004, Hospitality marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Bray, J n.d., Consumer behavior theory: Approaches and models, http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_-_Approaches_%26_Models.pdf Burney, S.M.A 2008, Inductive deductive research approach, drburney.net/INDUCTIV E%20%20DEDUCTIVE%20RESEARCH%20APPROACH%2006032008.pdf Cave, S 2002, Consumer behavior in a week, Hodder Stoughton, London. Dellaert, Benedict G.C Haubl, G 2012, ‘Searching in search mode: Consumer decision processes in product search with recommendations’, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 49 no. 2, pp. 277-288. Erasmus, A.C, Boshof, E Roesseau, G.G 2001, ‘Consumer decision-making models within the discipline of consumer science: A critical approach’, Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences, vol. 29 no. 3, pp. 82-90. Firal, A.F, Dholakia, N Vankatesh, A 1995, ‘Marketing in a postmodern world’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 40-56. Kotler, P, Bown, J Markens, J 1999, Marketing for hospitality and tourism, 2nd Ed, Prentice Hall, London. Lovelock, C Wirtz, J 2010, Services marketing, 7th Ed, Prentice Hall, London. Lye, A, Shao, W, Rundle-Thiele, S Fausnaugh, C 2005, ‘Decision waves: Consumer decisions in t oday’s complex world’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 39 no. 1, pp. 216-230. Macinnis, D.J Folkes, V.S 2010, ‘The disciplinary status of consumer behavior: A sociology of science perspective on key controversies’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 36 no. 6, pp. 899-914. Miljkovic, D Effertz, C 2010, ‘Consumer behavior in food consumption: Reference process approach’, British Food Journal, vol. 112 no. 1, pp. 32-43. Neely, C.R, Min, K.S Kennett-Hensel, P.A 2010, ‘Contingent consumer decision making in the wine industry: The role of hedonic orientation’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 27 no. 4, pp. 324-335. Oh, H 1999, ‘Service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer value: A holistic perspective’, Hospitality Management, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 67-82. Pachauri, M 2002, ‘Consumer behavior: A literature review’, The Marketing Review, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 319-335. Rau, P Samiee, S 1981, ‘Mod els of consumer behavior: The state of the art’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 9 no. 3, pp. 300-316. Reid, R.D Bojanic, D.C 1988, ‘Hospitality marketing management, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Research Methodology n.d., is.cityu.edu.hk/staff/isrobert/phd/ch3.pdf Schiffman, L.G 2000, Consumer behavior, Pearson Education Australia, Belmont, WA. Thomas, M.J 1997, ‘Consumer market research: Does it have validity/some postmodern thoughts’, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 54-59. Thompson, D.V, Hamilton, R.W Petrova, P.K 2009, ‘When mental simulation hinders behavior: The effects of process-oriented thinking on decision difficulty and performance’, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 36 no. 4, pp. 562-574. Tsiotsou, R.H Wirtz, J 2012, â€Å"Consumer behavior in service context†, In V. Wells G. Foxall (eds), Handbook of Developments in Consumer Behavior, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Northampton, MA, pp. 147-201. Van Raaij, W.F 1993, ‘Postmodern consumption’, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 14 no. 3, pp. 541-563. Williams, A 2002, Understanding the hospitality consumer, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Williams, A 2006, ‘Tourism and hospitality marketing: Fantasy, feeling and fun’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 18 no. 6, pp. 482-495. Appendix Appendix 1: Consumer Decision Model Appendix 2: Theory of Planned Behavior

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Duke Ellingtons Contribution To American Jazz Film Studies Essay

Duke Ellingtons Contribution To American Jazz Film Studies Essay The famous U.S. jazz musician known as Duke Ellington was born on April 29, 1989 to two musician parents who both played the piano. His legal name at birth was Edward Kennedy Ellington, and the nickname Duke was one he acquired from childhood friends who believed that the way he dressed and the manner in which he carried himself gave him a regal appearance. (Wikipedia, 2013). While he himself eschewed the use of the term jazz to define the kind of music he played, opting instead to refer to it as simply American music, critics have repeatedly identified him as one of the seminal figures in the development of jazz, which is often identified as one of the few authentically U.S.-developed musical forms. (Biography, 2013). Ellington was an African-American and his maternal grandmother was an ex-slave. His own introduction to music in a formal sense occurred when he was seven years old, with him commencing piano lessons. His passion for music was intense, even during his youth and he is recorded as having written his first song, :Soda Fountain Rag, which some called Poodle Dog Rag, in 1914 at a time when he was personally working at a soda fountain at a restaurant known as the Poole Dog Cafe. At the time, his formal music training did not include the reading and writing of music notes on paper. He was to develop those skills later in life. (Wikipedia, 2013). As a young man, in addition to the restaurant job, he worked at the games of the Washington, D.C. Senators baseball team as a peanut vendor. Other recreations included playing pool, and it was there that he encountered many contemporary piano players who provided entertainment there, utilizing a variety of styles, including ragtime. It was only then that he started to entertain the notion that he might himself become a professional musician. Ellington himself described both his early life and his musical career in an autobiography he published in 1973 entitled Music is my Mistress. (Ellington, 1976). By the summer of 1916, he declined to pursue an offered scholarship to study art in Brooklyn, New York at the Pratt Institute, preferring instead to provide musical entertainment in various small venues in and around Washington, D.C. for money, although the amounts earned were relatively meager compared to the success he was to experience later in life. He continued, for a time, to attend commercial art classes at the Armstrong Manual Training School, but abandoned those studies a mere 90 day or so before a scheduled graduation. (Ellington, 1976). It was after that occurred that he summoned up the courage to assemble small groups of musicians to band together to play for dances and other social events, while working on the side as a sign painter to augment his otherwise meager income. His first more permanent formal band was formed in 1917 and was known as The Dukes Serenaders, who were described as Colored Syncopators in an ad he took out in the then relatively new media of the local telephone directory. (Ellington, 1976) Because Washington, D.C. was the capitol of the U.S., Ellington also managed to survive economically in those early years by working as a messenger for the State Department and U.S. Navy. Later, his band would become quite a local hit playing at parties put on by foreign embassies located in the capitol as well as for society dances and balls. While this was an era where there was still much segregation in the U.S., his group did manage to play to both white and African-American audiences, which was unusual at the time. (Wikipedia, 2013). Ellington got married on July 2, 1918 to Edna Thompson, who had attended the same high school as he did, and they had a son, Mercer Kennedy Ellington, himself a musician skilled in the use of both the piano and trumpet, who at times operated as the business manager for his fathers more successful group while also running his own band. (Wikipedia, 2013). Looking back on his career, which only ended with his death on May 24, 1974 from lung cancer and pneumonia, music critics widely agree that his influence helped raise the regard of jazz among other forms of music in the U.S. At the time of his death, despite his advanced age and ill health, he was continuing to actively work as an orchestra leader. He did not exclusively play jazz. however, and at times delved into the areas of classical, popular, gospel and blues music, as well as composing scores for popular motion pictures. As the U.S. recording industry took off, Ellington and his groups recorded music for many companies, while continuing to tour widely and play live. In 1924 alone, Duke Ellington released eight records, indicating the beginning of a very fertile period for him that continued almost unabated until his death. (Wikipedia, 2013). Ellington became a seminal figure in the so-called Harlem Renaissance and gradually expanded the size of his musical group, with it becoming the house band in the legendary Cotton Club in Harlem, New York in 1927. Ellingtons fame grew and he was widely known for playing the bugle at the end of many performances. Radio broadcasts of his music live from the club helped him develop an audience that stretched nationwide and encompassed many people who had never seen him perform live in New York. (Biography, 2013). A song that Duke Ellington recorded with his orchestra and Adelaide Hall in the fall of 927, entitled Creole Love Call became a runaway hit, selling widely through the world, and firmly establishing Ellington and his group as star musicians. (Wikipedia, 2013) Ultimately, Ellington became perhaps best known for expanding the concept of the small jazz band, playing only in tiny nightclubs, to a full big band experience, with his group becoming a full orchestra with him as the leader. The size and scope of the group gave Ellington much more latitude to experiment with new musical pathways and attempt things never tried before. (Wikipedia, 2013). His versatility was shown by the fact that he recorded for numerous recording labels, often at the same time, an unusual thing. He sometimes would create different versions of the same compositions for inclusion on records for the different companies. (Wikipedia, 2013). He obtained even broader popularity after appearing at the prestigious Newport Jazz Festival, where his orchestras performance was met by the audiences passionate acclaim, and went on long as the festival organizers had planned to shut things down. The result was worldwide frenzied publicity, including Duke Ellingtons appearance on the front cover of Time magazine, and Ellingtons best-selling recording of his entire career, Ellington at Newport.(Wikipedia, 2013). One area where he experienced a rare lack of success was his inability to breakthrough in the new medium of television, where jazz was somewhat ignored as a form of music. But both his live performances and his popular recordings continued throughout his life. His musical career spanned the Great Depression, the Second World War, the 1950s, the turbulent 1960s with the explosion of the civil rights movement and the conflict over the Vietnam war, and the Watergate Era of Richard Nixon. Throughout those changing times, Duke Ellingtons commitment to experiment with his music and burst through staid conventions of form and length remained the one constant thing, raising the standard high for other jazz musicians to try to emulate. Critics believe that there are few, if any, figures in the development of American jazz more important and more central than Duke Ellington. (Wikipedia, 2013). Ellingtons root strength was as a skilled jazz pianist, but he is often more remembered for his orchestral arrangements and composing of both jazz and other popular musical pieces. His group for the bulk of his career was known simply as the Duke Ellington Orchestra and it continues to tour the world today under the aegis of his son, who serves as the archivist for his fathers rich legacy. (Wikipedia, 2013). Duke Ellingtons contributions to American music were recognized by no fewer than twelve Grammy awards, starting with his first one in 1959 with three awards for music he composed and performed for Anatomy of a Murder, a major motion picture. He composed and performed music for a number of other motion pictures. Most of these awards, however, were for jazz performances and compositions, with three of the awards given after his death, including the last one in 1999 for the historical jazz album The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition, collecting the recordings he made for the RCA Victor company from 1927-1973. He received a special Grammy Lifetime Achievement award in 1966. (Biography, 2013). Nine of his recordings were also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, starting with Black and Tan Fantasy in 1928 and concluding with Far East Suite in 1967. His 1932 jazz hit It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing) was also inducted, was highly popular worldwide, and is still widely played today. He was also given a Special Citation by the Pulitzer Prize Committee after his death, and received a U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969. He was also inducted into the French Legion of Honor in 1973. (Wikipedia, 2013).